Author: Steph Louka

Stephanie is an EMS Physician and Life-Member of the Virginia Beach Volunteer Rescue Squad. She lives in Richmond, VA with her husband Amir.

A Neuroscientist’s Look Back on his July 4th Ambulance Ride-Along

On July 4, 2013, Dr. Paul Aravich joined TeamLouka on the ambulance as an observer.  He was asked to jot down a few thoughts on his experience.  His essay is shared below.

~Steph


Reflections of a Virginia Beach Volunteer Rescue Squad Lay Observer, July 4, 2013. 

Paul F. Aravich, PhD
998839_10151588264079545_313081585_nStephanie Krebs and Amir Louka are two VBVRS volunteers and EVMS medical students who are “social change agents and leaders for the greater good of the community.” They invited me to run with them at Station 8 on Independence Day, 2013. I saw 2 other EVMS students that day who I also admire: an exceptional paramedic who is a new medical student, and a Navy veteran and physician assistant student who is as gentle as he is tall. I witnessed great respect between VBVRS, fire department and ED personnel in almost every instance. And I saw cutting-edge wireless technology and state-of-the-art equipment—although I am still not sure if it the ambulance is a box or a truck.

At the station I hung-out with a volunteer from York County who served at the World Trade Centers and Katrina, a new EVMS graduate student, a senior volunteer who is a builder of persons as well as of homes and barbecues, a critical care nurse from Chesapeake, and an accountant. We talked about abandoned older persons, defensive medicine, how to read an ECG, challenging behaviors, not getting T-boned at intersections, altruism, family, political turmoil in Egypt, and who catches a baseball better, the bulked-up waiter at IHOP or a nerd like me who, like Winnie the Pooh, is actually a “bear of little brain.” We also wondered if we heard the dispatcher correctly that a person got stabbed in the cheek with a fork. At one point Stephanie bravely gave me her humerus (which is pretty funny) and Amir gave me his stethoscope and cuff so I could learn the proper way to take a blood pressure. Thankfully, Stephanie’s paresthesia lasted only a few minutes. At the nearby Oceania Fire Station we laughed with an Army veteran who has seen more than his fair share of tragedies, discussed the merits of Cheryl Crow as a History Channel commentator, and had a surprising conversation about the nutritional problems of hot dogs that made me worry that firefighters may someday eschew donuts. I saw camaraderie being built during the down times as well as during the calls. And, I talked with a squad member and former court official about the ones that were saved, the ones that got away, and an aging parent with dementia. I was reminded that all of us have to hold on to our victories, let go of our defeats, and understand that we’re in this together.

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Dr. Aravich & us outside Sentara Virginia Beach General Hospital

Throughout the day I was humbled and inspired by consistent displays of commitment and professionalism, humanism and compassion, and collegiality and mutual support. I saw a successfully aged person with a rare and serious injury that causes significant pain in others but did not in her and wondered if it would steal her independence. I saw an isolated older woman and cancer survivor with depression and abdominal pain and hoped that her GI cancer was not coming back. I saw a frightened young mother fighting addiction and hoped that today will be the first day of the rest of her life. I saw an injured skateboarder who should have known about helmets. I saw a scared older person with breathlessness and fatigue and a family history of heart attack who should not have been cutting grass in the middle of a hot day. I saw the basic life support team immediately recognized the severity of this situation and calmly and effectively take precautions before the paramedic arrived. I saw the paramedic take an ECG in the truck and learned later that it showed the more severe type of heart attack called a STEMI (ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction). I saw the paramedic taking care of this person inside the moving and turning ambulance by, e.g., drawing blood, giving nitroglycerine, sending ECG telemetry to the ED, and offering words of encouragement. Finally, on the 4th of July I saw a crying spouse, caring neighbors, and engaged citizens volunteering to help others when almost everyone else was relaxing.

If, in the Jeffersonian tradition, the pursuit of happiness importantly involves pursuing the greater good, then the VBVRS is full of happy people. And, if people are not distinguished by doing what they have to do but are distinguished by doing what they don’t have to do, the VBVRS is full of very distinguished people. Thank you Stephanie, Amir and the VBVRS for allowing me to see the important volunteer work you do without charging patients. Lives do indeed need saving, both physically and emotionally. All of you saved lives today. Is there any greater compliment? Meantime, a few words about hot dogs: it is OK to bad-mouth hotdogs—but not on the 4th of July.


Dr. Paul Aravich is a behavioral neuroscientist and Professor of Pathology & Anatomy, Internal Medicine, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at Eastern Virginia Medical School (EVMS). He is the former of the Virginia Brain Injury Council and its Ad Hoc Neurobehavioral Committee. He also chaired the Virginia Governor’s Public Guardian & Conservator Advisory Board and sits on the Boards of the Mary Buckley Foundation for brain injury survivors & their families; the I Need a Lighthouse Foundation for suicide awareness; and Alternatives, a nationally recognized youth empowerment organization. He won an AOA Glaser Distinguished Teacher Award. It is the highest award for medical education in the United States and Canada and is presented at the annual meeting of the Association of American Medical Colleges. He also won a Virginia State Council of Higher Education Outstanding Faculty Award, which is Virginia’s highest award for research, teaching and service.
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EVMS Graduation, May 2014
You can view his 2009 TEDTalk here:
To learn more about volunteer opportunities with the Virginia Beach Rescue Squads, visit LivesNeedSaving.com.

Understanding the Origins of the Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale

We all learned it in EMT-B class.  The Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale (CPSS) is the core assessment tool for EMS providers to evaluate possible stroke patients in the field.  But, have you ever wondered where it came from?  Why does it have 3 parts? Why test speech and not eyesight?  What part of the brain is really injured? Let’s take a deeper dive.

What is the CPSS?

For a quick review, the CPSS is comprised of three individual tests, each of which get interpreted as either normal or abnormal by the EMS provider.   The tests as well as interpretation are summarized in the table below.

Components of the Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale

Adopted from Kothari, et al, 1996 

Test

Normal

Abnormal

1

 

Facial Droop

 

Patient smiles or shows teeth Both side of face move equally One side of the face does not move as well as the other (or not at all)

2

 

Arm Drift

 

Patient extends arms out, closes eyes, and holds in place x 10 seconds Both arms move the same, or both arms stay in position One arm does not move or drifts downward compared to the other

3

 

Speech

 

Patient repeats “You can’t teach an old dog new tricks” Patient repeats back correct words with no slurring of words Patient can’t speak, says the wrong words, or slurs words

The CPSS is positive if any one of the three tests is deemed abnormal.  In studies comparing Physicians vs EMS providers when performing the CPSS, when performed by an EMS provider, if the patient scored positive for one component, the sensitivity was 59%, meaning just over half of the patients who indeed had a stroke were identified by the EMS provider as having a stroke.  The specificity was 89%, meaning that 89% of people who had a positive CPSS (1/3 components) indeed had a stroke.  In other words, they caught just over half of the true strokes, but they also obtained a positive CPSS on some patients that didn’t have a stroke. The best example is a patient who is intoxicated.  They likely have slurred speech, and therefore a positive CPSS, but aren’t actually having a stroke.  Most tests in medicine are like this, you miss some, and you catch some that don’t really have the disease.  We call these false negatives and false positives.  Oh, and did I mentioned that EMT-Bs scored just as reliably as the Paramedics in the study?

The CPSS intentionally misses some strokes

To understand what the CPSS is looking for, it’s important to know a bit about the history of how it was created and why.  The CPSS was developed at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center in 1997.  tPA had just been approved by the FDA in June 1996.  The CPSS is derived from the NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS).  You can read more about it here, but simply put, it’s a 15 part assessment where the patient gets scored according to their symptoms.  The NIHSS was developed to identify neurological deficits that correspond to specific geographic tissue damage in the brain.  MDCalc offers a great online calculator for helping determine a patient’s NIH Stroke Scale score.  The NIHSS was condensed down, with some categories eliminated and some combined, to make the CPSS simple and easy to use, but also to help identify those patients who would be potential candidates for tPA.   Not all strokes are created equal, and not all strokes are elligible for tPA, even if identified within the 4.5 hour time window.  Strokes of the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery are better tPA candidates that other types of stroke.  The CPSS focuses on identifying those strokes, but not posterior strokes for example.

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The future of the CPSS and prehospital stroke identification

As I mentioned, the CPSS is not designed to detect things like posterior circulation strokes that affect the cerebellum, the balance center of the brain.  Historically, efforts focused on early identification of tPA candidates.  As new surgical and pharmacological advancements develop for other types of stroke, there’s a greater emphasis on early identification of all strokes.  As such, there’s a lot of research going on right now studying new or modified prehospital stroke assessment tools.  One front-runner is the B-FAST, which adds one more test to the CPSS to test for balance, and potentially identify posterior circulation strokes.  The posterior circulation (basilar artery in the diagram above) supplies blood flow to the cerebellum, the balance center of the brain.

B – Balance, tested by having the patient walk

F – Face, same as CPSS

A – Arms, same as CPSS

S – Speech, same as CPSS

T – Time, to remind us that time is brain

If you want to impress with your turnover on your next stroke patient, be sure to test for balance disturbances by (carefully) ambulating your patient.  If the patient stumbles or can’t walk without assistance, that’s a pertinent positive.  In the original Cincinnati study by Kothari, the CPSS missed 13 patients with stroke, but 10 of those were posterior circulation strokes, notoriously difficult to diagnose clinically, and often missed by even the best Emergency Medicine physicians.


 

As always, feel free to share any tips you have on helping assess for stroke in the field.

~Steph

Some references:
Kothari R1, Hall K, Brott T, Broderick J. Early stroke recognition: developing an out-of-hospital NIH Stroke Scale. Acad Emerg Med. 1997 Oct;4(10):986-90.
Kothari RU1, Pancioli A, Liu T, Brott T, Broderick J. Ann Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale: reproducibility and validity. Emerg Med. 1999 Apr;33(4):373-8.

TeamLouka 2015: Our Virtual Christmas Card

Friends & Family,

We are trying something new this year.  Maybe it will stick, maybe not.  We’re providing a virtual Christmas card, our 2015 in review.  Just a few highlights to share some of our favorite moments.

Year 2 of 3 of our Residency Training

We stayed very busy with work this year, transitioning from Interns to “Upper levels” within the Emergency Department.  We studied for and passed Step 3 of our medical boards, and even ran simultaneous “codes” (cardiac arrests) which both resulted in “conversions” (return to a regular heart rhythm).

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Love in London

In February, we had a week of vacation, but opted to do a “staycation” and throw a London-themed Valentine’s Day party.  Jackie and Chrissy made us some amazing cookies.  We were joined by old friends, family, neighbors, and even The Queen herself!

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Bought a New Car

CarMax never knew what hit ’em!  We sold Amir’s old 1999 Mercury Cougar and upgraded to a 2011 JEEP Grand Cherokee.  After all the snow last winter, we knew we needed a more reliable way to get to work in bad weather.  The Emergency Department (ED) never closes, so we go in during hurricanes, floods and blizzards.

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Phoenix & Sedona, AZ

In April we both flew to Arizona for a national emergency medicine educators conference where Amir presented a patient he saw in the ED. We rented a JEEP named Jennie and went off-road.  Amir’s write-up of the adventure was published on JPFreek.com!

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18th Annual Krebs/Louka Crab Bake

In May, we co-hosted the 18th Annual Crab Bake with The Krebs, and lots of help from Amir’s mom, Julia.  A later date meant more plentiful crabs, better weather and the return of Giant Jenga.  The highlight was when little Zee crawled out on the pool cover.  Thankfully with 20+ paramedics and doctors at the party, a rescue wasn’t far off.  Ray Jr. to the rescue!

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Cara & Sean’s Wedding

If you know me, you’ve almost certainly met Cara Reske, one of my two best friends since elementary school.  One of the highlights of the year was October 17, the wedding of Cara to Sean Monahan, a wonderful guy she met up in Baltimore.  Sean works as a real estate agent and is a diehard Orioles fan.

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FloydFiesta Block Party 

Every day we grow to love Richmond (or RVA as locals call it) even more.  Part of that is because of our amazing neighbors.  Each year we have an old-fashioned block party where we shut down the street and bring in bands, food trucks and friends.  We’ve also come to be known for our mobile bar on wheels.  Last year we made Dark N’ Stormies; this year we made friends serving Orange Crushes, a Virginia Beach classic, and now a favorite of The Fan District.

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UCI Road World Championships

Before September, I knew nothing about professional cycling, except bits and pieces of the Lance Armstrong scandal.  The Tour de France is actually part of a “triple crown” in professional cycling.  The other two events are the Tour de Vuelta, held in Spain, and the Road Worlds, which rotates locations each year.  This year it took place in our city, Richmond, VA.  We were able to participate on many levels, working the medical tent, assisting with drug testing, riding around in the “Doctor Lexus,” the chase car following all of the cyclists, and of course as spectators.  The event brought an extra 650,000 people to Richmond, and introduced us both to an amazing sport.

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“Studycation” to The Inn at Tabbs Creek

In early October, we spent5 days and 4 nights at a little B&B on the Chesapeake Bay while we studied for part 3 of our medical licensing exam. The breakfasts were delicious, the crabbing plentiful, and relaxation abundant.

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Tariq & Anna’s Wedding

Just this weekend, we were fortunately enough to spend a lovely evening celebrating the wedding of Amir’s brother, Tariq (the lawyer), to the lovely and wonderful Anna Kozicki. They’ve had a difficult year, so it was great to see them both smiling ear to ear.

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And like most years, the days in between were filled with random dinners with friends, rescue shifts, studying to be better doctors, writing blog posts, and spending time with family.  We wish we could have seen everyone this year, but even if we didn’t, know that we think of you often.

Wishing you love & joy this holiday season,

Amir, Stephanie & Winston

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Caring for criminals: How to provide good medical care to people who have done bad things

As an Emergency Medicine Physician and EMS provider, I get a lot of questions about my job.  #1 “What’s the worst thing you’ve ever seen?”  #2 is “How do you stay motivated and not let it get to you?” And #3 is what I’ll address in this post, “How do you take care of murderers, rapists and other people who have done horrible things?”

It’s an unfortunately common scenario: high-speed MVC, multiple vehicles, one DOA (dead on arrival), two adults in critical condition, being flown by helicopter as the highest level trauma alert, alcohol involved.  And all too often, Paramedics, Nurses and Physicians have to take care of everyone involved, including the intoxicated driver that caused the mayhem.  How do you have compassion, empathy and care for someone that by all evidence just killed someone in a completely preventable way?  I’ve been in Emergency Medicine for 11 years, and I still struggle with this.  It’s never easy, but I’ve found a few strategies to help cope.

1. Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell

A few months back I was taking care of an ICU patient that I knew was a prisoner in a maximum security prison due to the vigilant watch by 2-3 armed security guards at all times.  Clearly he had done something bad, but for me, knowing exactly what would only potentially worsen the medical care I could give him, not improve it.  So I didn’t ask, I didn’t Google.  Unfortunately someone else did, and shared it with the whole team.

Turns out he beheaded a total stranger, a husband and a father of two, because he didn’t have cash in his wallet when he tried to rob him.  Once I learned that, I couldn’t unknow it.  I struggled to walk in his room each morning with a smiling face and open, non-judging mind.  For the human in me, it was a battle I had to consciously fight.  My advice to anyone who might care for inmates or anyone in police custody, don’t ask, and encourage the whole team not to ask.  And if you find out, don’t tell.  99% of the time it’s not relevant to patient care, and can only cause you (and everyone else on the team) to make mistakes.

2. Be an Advocate

Incarcerated people have difficulty accessing medical care.  Although prisons and jails have a medical clinic, studies show that prisoners get less frequent and timely care for both chronic and acute conditions.  A 2009 report published in the American Journal of Public Health, unearthed some worrisome stats:

  • “Among inmates with a persistent medical problem, 13.9% of federal inmates, 20.1% of state inmates, and 68.4% of local jail inmates had received no medical examination since incarceration.

  • Prior to incarceration, slightly more than 1 in 7 inmates were taking a prescription medication for an active medical problem routinely requiring medication (as defined in the Methods section). Of these, 3314 federal (20.9%), 43 679 state (24.3%), and 28 473 local jail inmates (36.5%) stopped the medication following incarceration.

  • Only a small portion of prison inmates (3.9% of federal and 6.4% of state inmates) with an active medical problem for which laboratory monitoring is routinely indicated had not undergone at least 1 blood test since incarceration. However, most local jail inmates with such a condition (60.1% [SE = 1.8%]) had not undergone a blood test.

  • Following serious injury, 650 federal inmates (7.7%), 12 997 state inmates (12.0%), and 3183 local jail inmates (24.7%) were not seen by medical personnel.

Incarcerated persons have to “prove” to prison staff they are truly sick and need to go to the Emergency Department.  Yes, many prisoners fake or exaggerate symptoms for the secondary gain of getting a break from behind bars: better eye candy, different food, and maybe some good pain medication.  But, 38-43% of inmates have chronic medical conditions, which by all evidence, may not be properly addressed and managed by the prison clinic.  When these patients present to the ED, I play it safe and assume they have been sick a few days longer than a regular person, as they probably had to fight to make their case to prison staff.  Guilty or innocent, these patients all need an advocate for their medical care.  I take pride in being that person, which allows me to keep my personal judgements out of the encounter.

3. We are guilty, too

Last week I took care of a woman addicted to IV heroin.  By all accounts, she was pitiful looking – shivering, sweating, unable to sit still.  She was also curt, demanding and liked to cuss at us.  The medical student with me asked how someone could make such poor choices and then be so demanding.  I didn’t disagree, and I found myself starting to judge.  I had to redirect my thoughts and remember that prescription opioids can be a gateway to heroin for many people.  Heroin is 1/10th the cost of prescription drugs bought on the street.  People get hurt or have surgery, and we (doctors, NPs and PAs) prescribe them pain medication.  When people can’t afford their prescription drug addictions, they turn to the cheaper alternative.  And who writes the most prescriptions for these drugs?  Us. We contribute to this, so we need to accept treating it.

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That’s my limited advice.  It’s still a daily struggle, with some days easier than others.  Do you have any tips to offer on how to approach this difficult patient population?  If so, I’d love to hear them.  I encourage you to comment below.

~Steph

Advice on Switching Careers: How I made my decision to move from Marketing to Medicine

I’ve had a few people ask me to write about this, so here goes.  First off, my story is just that – mine and potentially not entirely applicable to others looking to change careers, but nonetheless I’m going to attempt to pull out the pearls and advice that I can.  Here’s the step by step process I took to a total career and life change, from President of a boutique Interactive Advertising Agency, to Emergency Medicine Physician, in the span of 7.5 years.

STEP 1: Recognize you need a change

Sometimes the need for change is obvious – if you find yourself counting down the clock to the end of your workday, then something is likely wrong.  What’s harder is recognizing the need for a career change when it’s less obvious – when you like the job you have, but you have more passion for something else.  That was the case with me.  I’d been fortunate enough to have great success in my last career.  I was well-paid for doing interesting work with cool people.  But, I had been volunteering with the rescue squad for 3 years and had gone back to school to get my Advanced Life Support (ALS) certification.  I felt alive and intellectually stimulated in the course. I was finally getting to learn the deeper pathophysiology behind what I’d been seeing in my patients for the last 3 years.  And, instead of volunteering the required 48 hours per month with my rescue squad, I was logging somewhere just over 100 hours per month.  I was about to cross a threshold where I was spending just as much time pursuing my passion for Emergency Medicine as I was in my professional field of Interactive Marketing.  That’s when I first had the idea of a career switch.  That was October 2007.

STEP 2: Mull it over

A career change isn’t the kind of thing you should decide on a whim.  So, do yourself and those around you a favor and take some time to digest the idea.  One of the smartest things I did was asked my friends what they thought, “Could you see me as a doctor?” “Do you think I’d miss marketing & technology?” “When do I seem most happy?”  If you have great friends & family like I do, they’ll have noticed this and be willing to share.  For the record, my parents did ask me the night of my EMT-B graduation (December 2004), “Are you sure you don’t want to go to medical school?”

That said, be prepared that this is the stage where the naysayers also come out.  I can’t tell you how many people said to me something along the lines of, “So I guess you don’t want marriage and kids then, huh?”  To which I wanted to reply, “No, I’m pretty sure I didn’t say that.”  The implication is reasonable though, and certainly something I took into consideration.  At the time I was 27 and single with no kids.  If I was accepted to medical school, would I ever have time to date?  Even if I met the right person, would I be able to balance marriage, babies and a life as a Med Student/Resident?

But at the same time, was I going to put my dreams and my life on hold waiting for a theoretical knight on a white horse that might never arrive?  I saw myself 10 years later without my knight or my dream career in medicine.  I most certainly didn’t want to come up empty handed on both counts.

What about the financial implications?  Here’s where it helped that I was single with no kids.  Supporting just myself, I’d been able to save a decent lump of money while working.  I was in a position to quit working and go back to school full-time (more on that in a bit).  And if it meant going back to eating Ramen Noodles, it was just me who would have to suffer.

STEP 3: Gather Information

Having not been a pre-med major, I had no idea what the rules were for medical school.  For example, would they even accept someone over the age of 30?  What prerequisite courses are required?  Does it matter that I majored in Computer Science, Marketing & Spanish and not Chemistry or Biology?  What’s on this MCAT thing? Every career field will have some of these rules, written and unwritten.  You need to know what you’re up against.

Do yourself a favor and do what I did.  Make some appointments to meet with the people that matter.  I had two major challenges: 1) identify and take all of the prerequisite courses and 2) understand admission requirements for medical school and assess my competitiveness.  So, I knew I needed to talk to someone at an undergraduate university and at a medical school.  Because I wanted to stay local, I set up appointments with the Dean of Sciences at Old Dominion University (ODU) and the Dean of Admissions at Eastern Virginia Medical School (EVMS).  Getting the appointments was much easier than I had anticipated.  I simply filled out contact forms on the websites for each school; they emailed me back within 48 hours.  That was November 2007.

Also, this is a great time to network.  On a side note, coming out of undergrad I was very hesitant to play the Networking game.  I naively wanted to feel like I achieved everything I had on my own, without “cheating.”  After working for a few years, I learned that success is actually a combination of three things: hard work, luck and help from those around you.  Your neighbor may have gone to college with the Hiring Manager for the job you have your eyes on.  Ask your Facebook friends if they know the people in charge at the place you want to go.  Did you know you can search Facebook for people who work at specific companies?  Simply type in “Friends who work at ________” and you might be surprised to find that someone you know works at the company or school where you need an “in.”  Here’s an example from my page of “Friends who work at Google.”

Facebook example

The last thing I did as a part of my information gathering was organize what I had learned about the situation.  A pro and con list if you will.  It looked something like this:

PROCONlist

STEP 4: Pull the trigger

This was actually the easiest step for me.  By the time I reached the end of my Information Gathering stage, my decision was essentially made for me.  So many people have barriers to making a big career change – no money for classes, family commitments, you name it – I had none of those things.  I knew and still know so many people that would kill to be able to pursue a new life dream but can’t. Most of my CONS were just related to money.  I couldn’t NOT do it.

STEP 5: Enjoy the ride

While med school was downright miserable at sometimes, ok many times, one thing I can say about this whole journey is that it’s been an amazing experience to help me grow as a person.  I’ve learned a ton about myself, what motivates me, what I can survive.  And, I feel true to my soul having pursued what at many points felt like an impossible dream.  Oh, and the icing on the cake, I met and married my best friend.

~Steph